The Success of the Management of Fork and Dagger Pub Essay - 33

The Success of the Management of Fork and Dagger Pub - Essay Example The way that the business has existed for various years makes the remodels as proposed by Jason inescapable. Essentially, narrowing the business’ target showcase as proposed by Bradley would upgrade its tasks in this manner improving the gainfulness of the organization. Mr. Lynch must, in this manner, think about combining the two methodologies with the perspective on upgrading the life span of the business and subduing the contrasts between his children. Remodeling the bar will put it in the cutting edge society. The remodel will look to fulfill the requests of the cutting edge client. In revamping and growing the bar, the administration must consider the requests of the cutting edge client in this way defending such highlights as helpful and agreeable. As expressed before, redesigning the bar is unavoidable. This suggests Mr. Lynch and his two children must decide the most suitable methods of redesigning the bar accordingly situating the business methodology in the cutting edge society. While doing this, the administration must limited the pub’s target advertise a component that will improve the administration. In doing this, Mr. Lynch must think about the significance of decent variety in improving the productivity and life span of business in the contemporary market. In extending and revamping the bar, Mr. Lynch can, in this way, build up a segment of the bar and grant Bradley to tweak it deliberately for its LGBT target showcase. Jason should then deal with the other segment that objectives the general buyer. Along these lines, the business enhances its administrations while protecting the harmony and solidarity of the two kin. Such is a suitable methodology that will fill in as a powerful showcasing exploration and examination instrument that will give the two children the most proper patterns in the market along these lines empowering the two to change the structure of their business dependent on the reaction of the market.

Police Legitimacy Notes free essay sample

Adequacy of the police at last relies upon their authenticity. first b/c the ethical Catch 22 fundamental the police utilization of nonnegotiable coercive power can be settled just if police activities are subjectively unmistakable from other actors’ utilization of power. second b/c individuals will in general obey authority keeping in mind its authenticity more than out of dread of its capacity. More prominent police authenticity diminishes the requirement for nonnegotiable coercive mediation; it likewise fabricates dynamic network support for police endeavors. - â€Å"Perceptions of authenticity convey more weight w/people in general than viability of requirement. †-Tyler, Tom; 88) Tyler and Huo (2001): saw authenticity of the police and saw reasonableness/positivity of results convey equivalent load in citizens’ acknowledgment of officers’ choices. The astonishing change of LAPD: 76% of Latinos and 68% of blacks currently give LAPD positive evaluations (LA Times, 2009 survey) Weber-Tragedy of Power †Eventually, power is unavoidably important to save harmony and social request. We will compose a custom exposition test on Police Legitimacy Notes or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page GRAHAM v. CONNOR * The police utilization of power is a perpetual token of the key flaw of the awfulness of intensity. * When all else falls flat, individuals call the cops (Egon Bittner) ; this is b/c the police job is eventually characterize by their imposing business model on the option to utilize nonnegotiable coercive power. We depend on the police exactly in light of this imposing business model; yet simultaneously, we are rebuffed by its fundamental brutal reality. †¦Leads Us To Mary-Douglas â€Å"Purity and Danger† * We esteem messy work as important however are repulsed by the individuals who do it so there is an ethical equivocalness of power, which implies that power is at some point fundamental, yet the choice to utilize it and passing judgment on the degree of its utilization are intrinsically muddled.

Peter Zheng MPA 20 reflects on his first year at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Peter Zheng MPA 20 reflects on his first year at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Hi! I’m Peter Zheng, MPA Class of 2020 and concentrating in Economic and Political Development and triple specializing in East Asia, Management, and Technology, Media, and Communication Studies! I was part of the 5-10% accepted from undergrad  so I did not have work experience prior to SIPA. I graduated Magna Cum Laude from the University of Pittsburgh Honors College with quadruple majors in Economics, Political Science Government, Business Administration, and a Bachelor of Philosophy (master’s-level degree) in Psychology within 4 years. What was your first year of policy school like? Whenever people ask me about policy school, I always say, “It’s a choose your own adventure.” It’s not hard if you don’t want it to be hard, but it can be hard if you make it hard. You prioritize what is important to you. To me, I value experimental and classroom learning. In my first year of graduate school I took 12 courses at SIPA, 2 courses at Columbia Business School (CBS), and 4 courses at a rigorous online business certificate program outside of Columbia University. Boy, OMG did I learn. It’s probably something I will never ever do again, but I learned a lot and met so many cool humans because of it. So, for that, I am super grateful. During my first year, I created a startup (but decided to pause after talking to media executives because the media ecosystem is highly distorted, and barriers of entry are super high). I started an independent research project at Columbia Business School with a CBS PhD student, and did research in the management division at CBS, which was a continuation from my summer internship before SIPA. I applied and received five fellowships from CBS/SIPA, joined the board of SIPA’s Technology Student Association, learned how to live alone in Manhattan (Hell’s Kitchen is lit), and met some really cool people who have become dear friends! What are your plans this summer? I’ll be spending my summer working at UNICEF as a business operations analyst (networked from a SIPA professor). I was also accepted into a joint healthcare entrepreneurship program at Harvard Medical School and MIT in June. I’ll be TA-ing the Executive Ethics EMBA course at CBS (networked through a CBS professor). I’ll also be creating a new social impact startup, synthesizing  both SIPA and CBS resources. Do you have any regrets? I used to question whether coming straight into an MPA program without full-time work experience was the right choice, and whether I should have pursued a different degree because my interests span across disciplines. I was considering a deferred MBA or a PhD in Management. I didn’t know if the MPA was worth the investment or whether this degree was right for me. A year later, I learned it’s not the letters on the degree that matter (our graduates enter each sector at a proportional rate: private sector, public sector, and government) but the connections you make, which land you the opportunities. As a SIPA student with access to all of Columbia University’s resources, I was able to spend my time pursuing interests at both SIPA and Columbia Business School. This created rare, intersectional opportunities that make this question easy to answer. It was most definitely worth it, and I don’t question it anymore! Why did you choose SIPA? Location, faculty, school brand, and job placements (median salary industry) These were the most important things to me! I was deciding between 9 schools (Cornell, Georgetown, Duke, Oxford, Brown, Carnegie Mellon, McGill, University of Chicago, and Columbia), but chose Columbia for the aforementioned reasons. I approached my decision objectively by creating a grad school utility function and allocated criterion with separate weights and running it through Excel. I included additional personal reasons as well: I wanted to be in a progressive city; I’m a foodie so food options were a must; living and tuition costs; and a place where my parents and friends could easily visit me! The location of SIPA is unbeatable and something you should consider heavily if you are a go-getter and want to network with people. It is so easy in Manhattan! The faculty is top-notch at SIPA and Columbia University as a whole. You have amazing guest speakers e.g., former Secretary of Education John King Jr., Hillary Clinton, Wendy Kopps, and talented adjunct faculty who are working in these fields that bring their work experience into the classroom settings. These are just to name a few! What is your advice for student starting their first year? Stay true to your core values. If you don’t like drinking, ditch the happy hours and attend other events that don’t circulate around booze! I don’t drink so I invite people to coffee/tea/food outings and create meaningful connections there. Don’t lose confidence in yourself and ditch the imposter syndrome! You were admitted for a reason. Consider taking cross-registered courses for Pass/Fail if you don’t need the credits for a concentration or specialization. Grades can vary across classes, so if you cross register in other schools at Columbia, know that an “A” there may translate to an “A-/B+” at SIPA. Engage in intentional networking and relationship building. Taking all of your core curriculum courses during your first year can get exhausting. Frontloading your core can mean doing multiple problem sets and studying for exams every week. I took half the core my first year with interesting electives and will take the other half my second year with some fun electives. This makes the semesters more fun for me. This also gives ample opportunity to spread yourself across Columbia, engage with the greater NYC community, and do fun things. You’re here for a terminal degree: Spend less time in the library, take advantage of Columbia University’s resources and not just SIPA (you are only here for two years, so maximize the university’s resources while you can as a student), and create your own unique SIPA experience. If you have more questions about SIPA or want to chat, please reach out! I’m on Instagram at @peteey27 and SIPA Admissions can connect us by email. I’ll show you my favorite food and coffee spots!   Pictured at the top: Peter hosting a housewarming party with SIPA classmates.

A Critical Analysis Of Interview Data - 790 Words

â€Å"A Critical Analysis of Interview Data, it’s Role in Qualitative Research, and the Data Collection Analysis of the Main Data Source † Qualitative research can be conducted using multiple sources of data such as observational, documentary, and interview data. This paper will evaluate the role of interview data within qualitative research; as well as discuss come of the key characteristics of the processes of data collection and analysis when interviews are used as the main source of data. Within qualitative research the researcher wants to understand the core opinions and motivations. Gaining insight into the what are the essential reasons of the problem and conducting interviews is a way of being able to discover those things. There are three roles interviews can play when conducting qualitative research. The first in Neo-positivism, the second is Romanticism, and the last one is localism. When looking at the key characteristics of data collections when using interviews as the main data source is through transcripts. Finally, once all of your interviews have been conducted and transcribed the researcher would analy ze the data that was produced by the interviews. Qualitative research is about The role of interview data within qualitative research is one of the most informative when using interviews as the main data source. Throughout this paper it will dive into looking at the roles interviews play, the various type of interviews that there are within qualitativeShow MoreRelatedFactors, Contributions And Challenges Of Gender Leadership And Leadership924 Words   |  4 Pageswith an in-depth exploration of participants’ interview responses, which may contribute to the creation of new applied theories (Malterud, et al. 2016). The selection strategy for participants shall involve emailing 50 community college leaders using data gathered from the Texas Association of Community Colleges (TACC, 2017); where detailed contact information for each of the Texas community college leaders are online, accessible and available. Data collection for this research will begin afterRead MoreAs It Can B e Observed, Most (74%) Of The Upper-Middle Managers1075 Words   |  5 Pagesselected organizations and industry (financial services). The Interview Process After obtaining the approval from the dissertation committee and the IRB, the data collection process began in March 2016, by formally inviting 30 upper-middle managers from the selected organization. The first approach was made by email with a letter of invitation included, where the research objectives and main terms related to the handling of the collected data and confidentiality of responses were presented (Annex 1)Read MoreWomen Of The Working Population1484 Words   |  6 Pagesusing template analysis that seeks to explore the meaning and formation of occupational identity by women in a male-dominated field which allows the experience and process to be viewed in their social context. Research Question For the study the following research question will be looked at: What is the meaning of occupational identity and how is it constructed by women in a male-dominated field? Proposed Research Process A case study has been chosen due to its fit with the critical realist perspectiveRead MoreJob Analysis For The Hr Manager Position1203 Words   |  5 Pagesspecific job analysis procedure that I would utilize to develop the job description for the HR manager position. To begin, the definition of a job analysis provided in our textbook is: â€Å"Job analysis is the systematic process of collecting information that identifies similarities and differences in the work.† (Milkovich, Newman, Gerhart, 2014, p. 103). I also found a definition on HR-Guide.com that summarize an important description of the job analysis. The website states; â€Å"Job Analysis is a processRead MoreImproving The New Online System Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pagesonline system in regards to receiving and accessing roster shifts via smartphone app. The first section of the proposal will explain the importance of research and critical thinking followed by understanding the characteristics of the research re port that include research design, research methodologies, research methods, unit of analysis and research type. Moreover, it also briefly explains the ethics involved in conducting research. 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It involves (a) selecting sources and types of information used to answer the research questions; (b) specifying the relationships among the study’s variables; and (c) outlining each procedure for conduct of the research. The research design not only provides the plan and structure for an investigator to obtain answers to research questionsRead MoreHris Needs Essay871 Words   |  4 Pagesdisadvantages (other than time) of using interviews and focus groups for data collection during the analysis phase when determining HRIS needs. Recommend three (3) approaches to overcome the disadvantages. Three disadvantages of using interviews and focus groups for data collection during the analysis phase when determining HRIS needs are that focus groups are controlled by the researcher and we cannot be sure how natural the interactions are, as group interview/focus groups are not only occupying anRead MoreEvaluation Of The Interview Protocol Consisted Of Closed And Open Ended Questions1738 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the study: semi-structured interviews consisting of closed and open-ended questions and NVivo. NVivo is a software program that provides rigorous analysis of qualitative data, thus allowing the researcher to obtain in-depth knowledge pertaining to the responses of each participant. The interview protocol consisted of face-to-face interviews within an Applewood elementary school office and during a predetermined time provided by the participant. The interviews were private, as a one-on-one settingRead MoreHow The Strategies Implemented Within The Classroom1607 Words   |  7 Pagesclassroom are set in place to increase young adult literature engagement towards African-American males in middle through high school classrooms living in an inner city sector of North Texas. Inspecting the progression through the spectacles of critical race theory (CRT), this study examines how to review cultural response to adjust teaching to responding to the cultural needs and learning styles of African American male students, as a result of institutional racism, particularly through the teachers

Irony in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice Essay - 3430 Words

Irony in Pride and Prejudice Critics have examined Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, since its creation. In this novel, Austen uses and irony to produce a masterpiece. Austen opens the novel with what appears to be a sarcastic sentence. She writes, IT is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife (Austen 5). Most readers think of this as humorous and quite laughable. It does not necessarily follow that a man with a large fortune is searching for a wife. However, by the end of the first page, the reader may find himself asking, Was Austen being sarcastic or was she simply stating a fact? In Pride and Prejudice, the opening sentence is merely a fact.†¦show more content†¦Bennet, replied his wife, how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them. Is that his design in settling here? Design! nonsense, how can you talk so! But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes. (5-6) In this way, Austen buttresses her thesis while expressing Mr. Bennetts sarcastic personality. Mr. Bennett knows the moment his wife mentions that a young man of large fortune (5) has rented Netherfield Park, dreams of marriage have already infiltrated her head. Yet he continues humoring himself by asking her rhetorical questions. Austen describes Mrs.Bennett as a woman of mean understanding, little information and uncertain temper...The business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news (7). This relationship between Mr. and Mrs. Bennett is another way Austen brings forth irony. Austen writes that Lydia and Catherine, could talk of nothing besides but the officers; and Mr. Bingleys fortune, the mention of which gave animation to their mother (27). Mr. Bennett coolly observed that Lydia and Catherine must be two of the silliest girls in the country (27-28). Yet Mrs. Bennett is no more than an older version of Lydia. She becomes excited at the insignificant reference to Mr. Bingleys fortune. Furthermore, Mrs. Bennett reprimands Mr. Bennett for his assertionShow MoreRelatedIrony in Pride and Prejudice995 Words   |  4 PagesIrony in Pride and Prejudice Irony forms the alma mater of Jane Austen’s novels. Likewise, â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† is steeped in irony of theme, situation, character, and narration. Austen uses it to establish the contrast between appearance and reality. As one examines â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, one discovers the ironic significance of how pride leads to prejudice and prejudice invites pride. 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Because their family depended on this financialRead MoreNorthanger Abbey as a Precursor to Pride and Prejudice Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesJane Austen’s Northanger Abbe y is frequently described as a novel about reading—reading novels and reading people—while Pride and Prejudice is said to be a story about love, about two people overcoming their own pride and prejudices to realize their feelings for each other. If Pride and Prejudice is indeed about how two stubborn youth have misjudged each other, then why is it that this novel is so infrequently viewed to be connected to Austen’s original novel about misjudgment and reading one’s fellowsRead MorePride and Prejudice: Exploring the Chasm Between Love and Marriage in Georgian England1675 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, is a novel which explores the huge chasm between love and marriage in Georgian England. Jane Austen’s presentation of passion and matrimony reiterates the fact that marriage is a â€Å"business arrangement†. Austen uses irony to make fun of polite society in this satire and Austen also emphasizes the point that social hierarchy dictates whom you can marry. The pressures of men and women in Georgian England are revealed through her exploration of the aristocracy’s prejudice againstRead MoreJane Austen’S Pride And Prejudice Is One The World’S Most1357 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is one the world’s most popular novels. It was published in 1813,  Pride and Prejudice  was Jane Austen s second novel after  Sense and Sensibility  in 1811. It portrays the situation in the late 18th and early 19th century in England. Set in the country village of Longbourn in Hertfordshire The plot focuses on Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist and her sisters and the constant endeavors of their parents, Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet to get their daughters marriedRead MoreJane Austen’s Novel Pride and Prejudice Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagesadvantageous marriage for the English novelist, Jane Austen. Her realism, biting irony and social commenta ry have gained her historical importance among scholars and critics (Southam). Austen’s major novels, including Pride and Prejudice, were composed between the years 1795-1815. During those twenty years England was at the height of its power facing many historical landmarks (Thomson). It is no coincidence that Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, coincides directly with the historical eventsRead MoreSatire Of Being Earnest And Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1533 Words   |  7 PagesNineteenth century European society was characterized by organized religion and a rigid class system. Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest and Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice use satire to reveal faults in these elements of society. Many of Wilde’s criticisms of society are provoked by his closeted homosexuality. He portrays religion as a restricting, meaningless convention and depicts the aristocratic class as a hypocritical and unempathetic lot. Aus ten similarly finds faults in theseRead MorePride and Prejudice Narrative Style Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen the author of Pride and Prejudice a novel where irony is considered the foundation for this novel. Irony, humour and the extensive use of dialogue complement each other to create an inviting novel for potential readers to lose themselves in. Irony is used to show the difference in truth and the way things may seem. Austen uses irony to create deeper emotions and laugh and characters perceptions in the novel. Humour is also used to show relationships but to guide the reader to understandRead MoreRealism in Pride and Prejudice1412 Words   |  6 PagesPerley Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is a complex novel mixing romance with comedy with an unprecedented quality of realism. Austens techniques require the reader to pay close attention and to actively interpret what it is they are reading unlike other light novels which you can passively work your way through. Pride and Prejudice is centrally concerned with the ideals and necessities of marriage in the early nineteenth century. Austen used a variety of features to make the novel Pride and PrejudiceRead MoreNontraditional Women in Jane Austen ´s Pride and Prejudice Essay983 Words   |  4 Pages19th century, these women express attitudes that deviate from the typical stereotype. Pride and Prejudice offers Jane Austen’s take on the traditional 19th century woman through indirect characterization, tonal elements, and heavy satire and irony to portray the idea that flawed women (in the 19th century sense) hold the key to success. Charlotte Lucas, the rational, plain often overlooked character in Austen’s novel is one of these nontraditional women. She is older than many of the central characters

Secret Techniques for What Is a Conclusion Sentence Only the Pros Know About

Secret Techniques for What Is a Conclusion Sentence Only the Pros Know About How to begin a conclusion is just half of the offer. You may use a concluding sentence to state how you want to observe things change later on. Students should know how important it's to compose a concluding sentence that's effective in summarizing their point and provide their final point an effect. In such a situation, obtaining an attractive conclusion is entirely crucial. As a customer, you will want to be prepared to figure out regardless of whether the business has a great history. Therefore, acquiring a referee not only makes certain that the game runs smoothly, additionally, it gives the fans the opportunity to relish a captivating game. Thus a strong sentence at the start and the end is essential. Therefore, the collective effect of all of the green house gases increases temperature on the earth and provides rise to numerous dangerous troubles. Individuals are realizing well the growth in environmental warmth however never mind their activities that are stimulating the international warming to rise. A tiny rise in the degree of green house gases may hugely impact the worldwide warming. A small fluctuation in the level atmospheric carbon dioxide can cause high level significant influence on the international temperature. A concluding sentence ought to be an over view of the former discussion, not incorporate any new info. As you already know, a conclusion really isn't the part in which you offer new details about it. To nail down a great essay, you will need to get a firm conclusion. A conclusion stipulates some last judgments on the most important subject of the text and terminates a topic on a rational point. An effective conclusion is thorough and elaborative, it gives a crystal clear and robust idea regarding the entire text. Renewal expert positions are easily obtainable. Please don't respond if you can't finish by the deadline. Strategic planning on the opposite hand requires the strategic planning for the whole organization for a unit. Facts, Fiction and What Is a Conclusion Sentence This type of conclusion will look like it's been tacked on so as to fulfill the term count requirement, and it'll actually cause your getting a poorer grade than you would have. It is crucial to recognize that everyone doesn't have exactly the same learning style. When someone is homeless, they don't just lose their house they lose a great deal of different things too. He should be able to read your conclusion paragraph and pretty much know what the rest of your essay said without having to read it. When you aren't able to eat healthy, nutritious food there's a chance that you will need to visit the hospital to receive treated. Briefly discuss the matter or issues and attempt to enclose the ways you're able to adopt to fix them in future. The bodily consequences are getting more and more obvious and increasingly dangerous in the modern society. Many factors demonstrate that. The 30-Second Trick for What Is a Conclusion Sentence Overall, you should finish your essay with a large bang! If a guy or woman has previously had sex with another person, their marital intimacy is already affected. The attractiveness of narrative essays is that you're permitted to get personal whilst telling a story. Many, however, have argued that non-marriage sex is not so harmful. If for instance, you're writing a comparatively short, 5-page assignment, you may use any of the techniques described above. Keep in mind, the experiment you conduct ought to be designed in a manner it lets you check whether the outcomes of your experiment supports the hypothesis or not. The organization tha t's administering the TABE is going to have the details on test registration, place, cost and testing procedures. The TABE tests might be taken on the internet or via a conventional paper and pencil technique. Quite a few paragraphs are then combined to compose a report, an essay, or just a book. Exactly like other paragraphs, it ought to have a strong transition or topic sentence. Concluding sentences repeat the principal idea of your paragraph in various words. Writing a concluding sentence may not arrive as easily because you may think. Since you can see, how to begin a conclusion in an essay, research paper or any other academic assignment isn't precisely a precise science there are many methods to produce use of, and the result will mostly depend on you, as a paper writer. The last point to observe is the best way to compose a conclusion for an expository essay. Now, below are some common instructions on writing essay conclusions whom I've encountered before. Failing to realize it is utilised to close the last thoughts on a subject is a familiar mistake many writers make.

Cowgirl Chocolates free essay sample

Her product development was based on the input of her friends and family, which represents a skewed and too small sample of the population. In addition, Marilyn is cutting out the biggest portion of her target market by naming her product Cowgirl Chocolates and making the brand label May Lillie. Therefore, the branding is not appealing to men, which constitute the biggest portion of her target market. Before spending money on advertising, a target market has to be defined and the proper channels to reach that target market. Advertising without a clearly defined target market is inefficient and wastes company resources.Giving samples will help establish a base of awareness of her product and the acquired taste but this has an inherent cost involved. Secondary Problems Marilyn’s lack of resources poses a great problem because without sufficient resources she will not be able to expand her business and increase sales. We will write a custom essay sample on Cowgirl Chocolates or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cowgirl Chocolates lack the resources to become a large company they desire to become. Financially Cowgirl Chocolate does not have the resources to operate at full potential. The company is using revenue generated from Marilyn’s artwork, a small loan, and her personal savings to operate the company. Expenses completely overshadow her revenue of $30,000 while expenses were $50,000. This lack of funds give little to no room for promotional activity, a product that is as unique as spicy chocolates needs to have promotional abilities. Staff resources are minimal; Marilyn is the main source of production of her company. She does everything by herself, from the packaging and shipping the product to design and making the chocolate. This leaves Marilyn little time to expand to bigger ideas and meet with possible investors. She is devoting her time to the tedious work required to produce the product.Positioning of her product is the key to its success. Another problem is the distribution channels that the company uses. The lack of sales deterred Seattle Chocolates from agreeing to manage the wholesale operations for Cowgirl Chocolates. â€Å"They were not interested in taking this on at the present time†¦because they were not really sure where the market was for the product. † Marilyn also knew she had to increase sales before Seattle Chocolates would consider such an arrangement. However, the company is lacking a clear understanding of where the product should be sold, and which distribution channel will bring the greatest sales.Currently Marylin’s strategy is to directly gain placements in retail stores one after the other. Marylin does not have the expertise and connections in distribution to gain product placements in stores. Marylin is currently trying to perform all tasks that a wholesaler would do such as promotion, negotiation, matching, physical distribution and risk taking. A wholesaler would perform those tasks better, cheaper, and more efficient and effective than Marylin ever could. One example of this is Marylin not being paid for her chocolates by a local vendor and having them returned after months.Although the Cowgirl Chocolates website is responsible for a third of total sales, it lacks crucial features. The website does not have the ability to track repeat customers and does not know how customers found her website. Although Marilyn advertises on other websites and portals there is no tracking and she does not know how effective each channel is, and how many customers it brings to the site. There is no knowledge what search terms customers that found her site were using. That way there is no data on whether the Cowgirl Chocolates website is competing with other chocolate companies, spicy foods, or online gift stores.The website would be the cheapest way to gather market research and further identify a target market. An additional problem is Marilyn’s pricing strategy. Cowgirl Chocolate is premium gourmet chocolate in special packaging that makes it stand out from the rest of the competition. Furthermore, it is a new and unusual product. Marilyn states that she is unsure on how to price her product. Cowgirl Chocolate is sold in overpriced spicy food specialty stores, upscale gourmet food stores, and even the grocery stores. Marilyn could not identify a trend on how pricing affect sales.This does not come as a surprise because the product is new and customers are still unaware of it. Cowgirl Chocolates should be sold at a premium price. However, in the current stage of the product cycle the company needs to create customer trial. The way to accomplish this is to offer promotions, for example by offering in store promotions, coupons, coupons and/or mail in rebates. Again, those tasks should be handled by a wholesaler. Furthermore, Cowgirl Chocolates advertising is ineffective since there is no clear defined target market. Marilyn advertises randomly in different magazines using ads created by a friend and not a professional advertising agency. Marilyn is unsure herself if the advertisement will actually increase sales or not, even though it will cost thousands of dollars. Again, market research is missing to direct advertising to the right channels and reach the target audience, with the right ads that will increase customer trial. The company currently advertises the product year round, when it should concentrate more on advertising during the peak seasons of Christmas and Valentine’s Day.The company needs to have more product information in the advertisements. Recommendations To establish a target market we recommend that Cowgirl Chocolate should add more features to the website. The website should be able track how customers found the website, track orders and repeat customers, and gather such information as demographics. By tracking purchases, Cowgirl Chocolates will be able to send out promotional emails, for example customers could be informed about a special sale, given a discount code, or just be informed about new product creations or gift ideas.Additionally, a short survey should be added after the purchase is completed to gather valuable customer information (see appendix for sample survey questions). This would be the cheapest method of doing market research and establishing a target market. By tracking customers, the company will also determine who its main competitors are. Cowgirl Chocolates could be competing with other premium chocolate manufacturers, spicy packaged food, or gift websites. Another advantage of using the internet as a distribution channel is that Cowgirl Chocolates can be sold internationally.Markets in other countries can be entered with little to no initial investment. This will again offer opportunity to feel out markets in other countries that could be physically entered at a future point of time. Secondly, Marilyn should put effort on finding a wholesaler for her product that will take over crucial tasks that she is currently trying to perform all by herself. A good wholesaler will not only take risk of Marilyn’s hands by buying greater quantities at once, but will also fight for placement in stores and offer promotions to boost initial sales.A good wholesaler will select the right distribution channels and retail outlets using years of experience and expertise that Marilyn is lacking. Using a wholesaler will free up some time for Marilyn and allow her to concentrate on other aspects of her business like product creation and design. Half of the product portfolio currently only constitutes for 5% of total sales. These products should be discontinued since a wholesaler will most likely not carry them. Using the market research gathered from the Cowgirl Chocolate website, Marylin can effectively advertise by choosing the right channels and targeting the right customers. An advertising budget can be set apart and adjusted to the seasons with the highest sales. More emphasis should be placed on seasonal advertising such as during Christmas, Easter, or Valentine’s Day to take advantage of the gift aspect of Cowgirl Chocolates. We recommend that Cowgirl Chocolate sell their chocolate to spicy food restaurant for them to give to customers at the end of their meal.This would create more product awareness among consumers who already enjoy spicy foods. In addition to the internet and wholesale business, this can be a third distribution channel. Finally, we recommend that Marilyn should capitalize on effective free marketing, such as a local newspaper or news programs and have them run a story on her product. The cookbook would be a good form of promotion for her product. Marilyn could use it to generate more customer awareness and include recipes for different uses of the Cowgirl Chocolate. Cowgirl Chocolates free essay sample In order for Marilyn Lysohir to determine the best method of reaching ideal profitability for her product line Cowgirl Chocolates, she would want to consider using cost-based pricing. Utilizing this method would afford Marilyn the ability to determine the best marketing strategy to increase her profit margin. Based on product status and pricing she would have to determine her best strategy and whether that would be to price market her product for a traditional lower cost share or for the higher end customer who are willing to pay more for premium products. By pricing and marketing Cowgirl Chocolates as a high-end premium product, Marilyn would have the flexibility of charging more thus enhancing her profit margin. There would also be the margin of cost that would allow her to absorb the overhead cost of marketing in Chile Magazine towards the price of the high-end product. Using the cost based pricing method would allow Marilyn a higher profit margin on her top selling high-end products. We will write a custom essay sample on Cowgirl Chocolates or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Cost-based pricing uses manufacturing or production costs as its basis for pricing. The cost-based pricing company uses its costs to find a price floor and a price ceiling. The floor and the ceiling are the minimum and maximum prices for a specific product or service; they serve as a price range. If the market conditions are such that the going competitive price is under the price floor, the company may price at the floor or attempt to lower its costs to lower the floor. But ideally, the company should price somewhere in between the floor and the ceiling, according to the McDonough School of Business. Many companies that produce in masses use this pricing strategy, such as companies that produce textiles, food products and building materials† (Rawes, 2014). An alternative method would be that of demand based pricing method. This tactic of pricing would allow Marilyn to product analysis of what she sells the most and thus produce more of the product in higher demand. This is in contrast to the cost demand method. â€Å"Demand-based pricing, also known as customer-based pricing, is any pricing method that uses consumer demand based on perceived value as the central element. These include: price skimming, price discrimination, psychological pricing, bundle pricing, penetration pricing, and value-based pricing† (Boundless, 2014). Based on the demand-based pricing strategy, Marilyn should streamline her product line and reduce products that are under performers and adjust the pricing of those that are selling t higher demand. Competition-based pricing would have Marilyn determine prices by what others who sell similar products charge for the products. â€Å"Competition-based pricing is the second-most-popular price-setting approach. Managers sometimes refer to this approach as strategic pricing, although it is not particularly strategic. When taking this approach, a firm simply checks out its competitions price and then sets the price of its own product at about the same level, plus or minus a few percent† ( Raju Zhang, 2010). Cowgirl Chocolates should be priced at an equivalent value to competitors in efforts to determine the products that trigger better sales and slowly increase the price in order to reach optimal profitability. Marilyn can consider four options when determining the pricing of her products. One would be the cost-based pricing method. Another option is demand-based pricing that entails Marilyn eliminating under sellers and producing those products that have a higher demand. Alternatively, by pricing products equal with her competitors in efforts to optimize product movement and still have customer loyalty. Marilyn could also strategize her product marketability by deeming her product as high-end in efforts to sell the Cowgirl Chocolates at a higher price to make a profit. Based on the marketing options presented and list of products offered, it is recommended that Marilyn increase her profit margin on her products by following the demand-based pricing method and eliminate those products that are not moving (not as profitable) and concentrate on those products that will enhance profitability.

Bartleby essays

Bartleby essays Since he will not quit me, I must quit him. Ah Bartleby, Ah Humanity. (Page 140, Herman Melville) This is the key to Bartleby, written by Herman Melville, for it indicates that Bartleby stands as a symbol for humanity. This in turn functions as a commentary on society and the working world, for Bartleby is a seemingly homeless, mentally disturbed scrivener who gives up on the prospect of living life. However, by doing so Bartleby is attempting to exercise his freewill, for he would prefer not to work. His relationship to the narrator is thus significant, for as he attempts to exercise his freewill he is breaking from the will of the narrator and the normal progression of life. However, this attempt to exercise his freewill and break loose from the confines of typical societal functions, isolates Bartleby from society, which in turn places him in a state of depression and soon there after, death. Ultimately, by having Bartleby prefer not to, Melville is commenting on the role of human ity in the work force. If man attempts to break free of his role and exercise his own freewill then he is severing himself from humanity which in turn will lead to depression and perhaps death, for he will have nothing but a wall always obstructing him. From the beginning Bartleby is isolated within the confines of his work place. I procured a high green folding screen, which might entirely isolate Bartleby from my sight, though not remove him from my voice.( pg 111) In this quotation the narrator put Arnold, Page 2 up a screen to separate his office from Bartlebys, which isolates him from the other members of the staff which thus isolates him from humanity. However, this is not the end of the isolation for he is not only detached from those around him, but society as well. I placed his desk close up to a small side window, a window that had originally afforded a view of certain grimy backyards, bu...

George Meany essays

George Meany essays I have always enjoyed watching action/love movies. I have been scouting out for these kinds of movies for the last 4 years. It was early morning, December 7, 1941. As the sun was just beginning to rise in Oahu, Hawaii, a fleet of Japanese naval air forces were taking off to the Pacific Ocean. No one was prepared for what was occurring. Pearl Harbor, the United States center for military action in the Pacific Ocean, was almost completely destroyed. The anger led the United States to enter into World War II. Then 60 years later the movie Pearl Harbor makes it to the big screen. Was it really the history of what happened that morning on December 7 or another love story with the wrong title? Calling a movie Pearl Harbor puts a certain responsibility on a filmmaker to tell the historical events story more fully. Selling a misleading title seems like a studio is trying to take advantage of an events memory. I feel that the movie Pearl Harbor should have focused more on the historical tragedy that happened that day rather than being based on a love triangle story. The first half of the movie concentrates on three characters and very little about the historical facts leading up to WWII. We are led to the false impression that Japan went to war over just a fuel problem. Japan had many other problems to deal with. It had begun to rely more and more for raw materials from outside sources because their land was lacking in these. Instead of spending so much time on telling us how Kate Beckinsale (Evelyn) and Ben Affleck (Rave) met, they could have provided us with more information on how the problems began with the U.S. and Japan. Like how the military in Japan started getting highly involved in the government that got them into trouble. Also the United States began to supply materials to the countries at war with Germany and Japan, but wanted to remain neutral. This film has very l ...

Court Report Criminal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Court Report Criminal - Essay Example Paul’s Cathedral. The Old Bailey street would be on your left if you walk from Waterloo after crossing the Waterloo Bridge, turn right and keep going. It has two public gallery networks. Daily lists are in the notice board on the outside wall. Security is very strict so read the warning I have set out below. In Old Bailey Court you can wander in and out of dozens of courtrooms and see the most important judges like the Lord Chief Justice and the Master of the Rolls at work. Daily lists and lots of information are in the main hall (Anonymous, 2012). My Visit to the Central Criminal Court (â€Å"Old Bailey†) I went to visit a murder case at the Old Bailey criminal court on 3rd, October 2012 and followed the case again on 10th, October 2012. I went to court number 14 and sat in the public gallery where I was allowed to take notes about this case. In my first visit to the court on 3rd of October 2012, there was the cross examination of the Manzar Juma who was charged with m urder of Ruby Love. The prosecution was giving cell site evidence to the jury, and showing all the text messaging that was exchanged between Juma and deceased women Ruby Love. Prosecution gave copies of all relevant material such as text messages, mobile coverage and addresses to the jury as well as to the QC and counsel of the Mr Juma, both the judge and Mr Juma see all the copies and read them out one by one. Cell site evidence contained all the information regarding where Mr Juma was a day before the death of Ruby and all the text messaging that came along with all recorded times and the time of their conversation. It was heard that there were changing of unpleasant words you could say, that they were having an argument as such (Kelly and Camber, 2011). The judge seemed to have matters well under control in his courtroom and went on the legal proceeding moving forward expeditiously. The jury heard that on the day of Ruby’s death, where Juma was located and how he had two m obile phones that he communicated with Ruby and in one of the text messages he had arranged to pick her up (Darbyshire, 2011). On 29th of December 2011, police rang the phone number that they had found on the mobile of Ruby love and that number belonged to Mr Juma. Shortly after the cell site evidence the prosecution gave an indication and evidence of both Juma’s blood examination of any indication of drugs, and also Ruby’s blood evidence was read out (Hardiman, 2012). The forensic toxicologists’ examination showed that the blood of Ruby Love had traces of Methadone, heroin, Cocaine, Ecstasy pills, cannabis and alcohol. The blood of Mr. Juma was also examined and tested for alcohol and drugs and indicated that he had traces of basic drugs such as cannabis and alcohol in his blood. In addition to this, experts also gave evidence of Ruby’s body fluid. As the prosecution was finished giving his evidence, the QC of Mr Juma called Mr Juma to the stand and he w as asked many questions from his counsel (Kirk, 2012). The prosecutor provided a big contrast to the defence attorney. Mr Juma said that he did not have a very good relationship with his father, and only saw him up until he was 15 years old. He denies murder. His QC asked him whether he had any trouble at school whilst growing up, and he replied, yes he did, from the moment he found out that his mother had tumour and he became very angry and upset, therefore he did not do very well at

Botswana and a Dutch Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Botswana and a Dutch Disease - Essay Example Cherunilam (2008, p. 166) defined Dutch disease as â€Å"the deindustrialization of a sector caused by the boom in another traded good sector†. Basically, a Dutch disease is present when there is an excessive utilization of its available natural resources. As a result, excessive use of natural resources can trigger a significant decrease in the overall production of goods among the local manufacturing companies. The rationale behind this particular economic situation is that the selling of these natural resources could make the country’s monetary currency stronger. Therefore, the exportation of finish products coming from the tradable sectors becomes less attractive in the world market (Pegg 2010). The overvaluation of a currency can cause long-term harm over the economic performance of each country. The presence of trade shocks can lead to serious market failures. Aside from causing market failures in less developed countries, Rodrick and Rosenzweig (2010) explained th at a strong monetary currency can make the local manufacturers become less competitive in the world market. For this reason, a significant decrease in the demand for goods and services would mean a higher unemployment rate in the long-run. The real GDP growth rate in Botswana as of 2010 was 7.5% (U.S. Department of State 2011). However, this particular economic indicator alone is not sufficient to determine whether or not Botswana is suffering from the negative economic consequences of a Dutch disease. With regards to this matter, this report aims to carefully examine the economic variables which may suggest whether or not Botswana is currently experiencing a Dutch disease. In order to perform a full analysis of Botswana economy, this report will focus on observing historical changes in the value of Botswana’s currency (Botswana Pula or BWP), changes in the exportation growth, potential sources of capital inflows (i.e. exportation of natural resources, foreign direct investme nt, remittances from overseas workers or incoming of foreign aids), and high levels of unemployment rate. Economic Variables Suggesting whether or not Botswana is Experiencing a Dutch Disease A Dutch disease is often associated with the presence of abundant oil supply. In the case of Botswana, its natural resources are not dependent on oil but more on the presence of abundant supply of diamonds, copper, and nickel (U.S. Department of State 2011). Even though Botswana is highly dependent on mining, this particular industry only employs 8,000 workers (Pegg 2010). Within this context, we cannot clearly say that the mining industry in Botswana is booming since this particular industry does not literally extract resources from away from the manufacturing or agricultural sectors. The trend and value of Botswana’s currency is one of the main economic variables that one should carefully examine to determine whether or not Botswana is currently experiencing a Dutch disease. Even thoug h the currency of Botswana Pulas is not pegged to a specific foreign exchange value, Botswana managed to maintain the exchange rate at the average of 7.3507 Botswana Pulas to 1 US dollar between the periods of September 2011 to March 2012 (Exchange-Rates.org 2012). In case Dutch disease is present, economists believe that a strong exportation of na

Computational Chemistry for Drug Discovery

Computational Chemistry for Drug Discovery Computer Chemistry Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computers to assist in solving chemical problems. It uses the results of theoretical chemistry, incorporated into efficient programs, to calculate the structures of molecules and solids. In theoritcal chemistry, chemists, physicist and mathematics develop algorithms and computer programs to predict atomic and molecular properties and reaction paths for chemical reactions. Computational chemists, in contrast, may simply apply existing computer programs and methodologies to specify chemical question. There are two different aspects to computational chemistry. Computational studies can be carried out in order to find a starting point for a laboratory synthesis, or to assist in understanding experimental data, such as the position and source of spectroscopic peaks. Computational studies can be used to predict the possibility of so far entirely unknown molecules or to explore reaction mechanisms that are not readily studied by experimental means. Computer-aided drug discovery/design methods have played a major role in the development of therapeutically important small molecules for over 2-3 decades [133]. Over the past couple of decades, many powerful standalone tools for computer-aided drug discovery have been developed [134]. In silico metabolism After adopting combinatorial chemistry and high throughput biological screening in the past couple of decades, the pharmaceutical industry generated a large collection of potent and selective compounds for numerous targets. However, to become an optimal drug, in addition to potency and selectivity, a compound must have appropriate ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excreation), safety and developability characteristics. Relaying solely on potency in the early stage of drug discovery can result in disproportionate attrition after clinical candidate selection contributing to the exorbitant costs of discovering and developing drugs. Only about one in ten of those diligently chosen, highly potent and selective candidates that enter development reach the market often due to inadequate ADME properties. Therefore, it is extremely important to consider the ADME characteristics of compounds earlier in the discovery process to wager bets on compounds that have a greater potential t o survive the development and clinical trail stage of drug development. Increasing the odds of success to one in five (instead of ten) would reduce the total cost of bringing a new therapeutic to the market by 33%. Experimental determination of ADME and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics is both expensive and time consuming, and is not practical for large numbers of compounds, especially when the pharmaceutical industry is under severe pressure to cut costs and improve efficiency. The Price tag to support various ongoing discovery projects in pharmaceutical company for synthesis and high throughput measurement of permeability, solubility, metabolic stability and acute toxicity can run into millions of dollars. Therefore, much attention is being focused on the application of in silico screens to reliability predict ADME attributes solely from molecular structure. In silico prediction of ADME properties will not only reduce cost and development cycle times by wisely directing resources to essential experimental testing, but also bring forward their consideration earlier at the lead generation stage when compounds are being synthesized and tested almost exclusively to meet pharmacological target potency levels. At the cost of experimental results indicated above, a mere 10-20 % reduction in high throughput experimental measurement of permeability, solubility, metabolic stability, acute toxicity through the use of in silico screens can lead to significant savings. Further, application of in silico screens offers an ideal ‘fail-early-fail-cheaply’ strategy for drug discovery because their application requires nothing more than inputting the basic structural information of a compoun d into a validation model. Metabolic Stability Measurement in Drug Discovery At most major pharmaceutical companies, metabolic stability assays are conducted at the first investigation into the metabolism of a compound. These in vitro assays generally utilize liver microsomes and/or hepatocytes to furnish important information about the rate and/or metabolism. In vitro metabolic studies are important in optimizing pharmacokinetic properties such as in vivo half life, maximum concentration and systemic exposure, because rapid metabolism is often a key factor contributing to poor exposure. The metabolic stability data is helpful for ranking molecules with respect to their ability to resist metabolism. Though high-throughput automated metabolic stability assay systems have been developed by the major pharmaceutical companies, screening a large number of compounds is still intensive. Thus, in silico prediction of metabolic stability can be used to rationalize experimental testing and have significant resources. Further, these models allow for prediction of metabolic stability for virtual libraries, thus bringing forwarded their consideration earlier to hit-to-lead stage. In silico Models for Metabolism Studies There are several types of in silico tools available for investigations into metabolism. These include knowledge based systems (metabolism databases) rules based or expert systems and quantity structure properties relationship (QSPR) and enzyme structure modeling systems. At its simplest, the partition coefficients, Log P (or its computed equivalent), of a drug in the n-octanol-water system has been shown to loosely correlate with the metabolic stability of a compound. As in silico calculations of Log P values have become readily available, they are being implemented in many of the current metabolism prediction packages. The earliest in silico metabolism tools were the metabolic reaction databases. In principle, these are databases with the published metabolic reactions and structure of parent compounds and their metabolites. Some of these allow creation of corporate metabolic databases as well. In most cases, these databases can be searched for specific biotransformation (by structure and substructure), biotransformation keywords, and by other user-defined fileds. The key advantage of this knowledge based in silico systems is that they include detailed metabolism findings and original references. Prediction of Metabolites The above mentioned knowledge based systems provided the groundwork for the development of rules based in silico predictors of metabolites, also called expert systems. Commercial rules based programs such as METEOR, META and MetabolExpert iteratively interrogate the chemical bonds of a molecule and apply programmed biotransformation rules in a predetermined hierarchy. As one can imagine, without means of terminating the metabolism tree a very large numbers of metabolites will be generated of predicted. Several of these programs allow the user to specify the number of levels of biotransformation or may use a LogP calculation to terminate the biotransformation process. Prediction of Sites of Metabolism The mechanism of oxidation by CYPs is though to be constant across all CUPS. One of the most important steps in the oxidation of drugs (by CYPs) is the ability of the perferyl oxy species (FeO+) to carry out a one-electron oxidation through the abstraction of hydrogen atoms. In silico packages such as Admensa, COMPACT and Metasite calculate the likehood of abstracting a hydrogen atom from all sites on a molecule, and then quantify which sites are most likely to be oxidized. The greatest advantage of these types of predictions is the ability to quantify the most likely major â€Å"hot spots† on the molecule. Prediction of Substrate Binding The ability of a molecule to properly dock on the active site of enzyme plays a major role in accurately determining the site(s) of metabolism on a molecule. Therefore, modeling of the P450 active sites has long been a goal for metabolism prediction. Some of the first attempts to model the active site of metabolizing enzymes used pharmacophore, site directed mutagenesis, and protein homology. Using homology models built from bacterial and mammalian P450s, in silico studies of docking potential substrates into the active site have been performed with mixed success. Now that the crystal structure for human CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C8 and CYP2A6 are available docking experiment with these models should more reliably predict the sites of metabolism on a molecule that the predictions form the homology models. Prediction of Metabolic Inhibition One of the causes of drug-drug interactions is the inhibition of metabolic pathways. Enzyme inhibition by a drug leads to a decrease in metabolism and intrinsic clearances, and an alteration in pharmacokinetics of a co-administered drug. Any knowledge around the potential of drug-drug interactions is useful for a quantitative assessment of the ability a new molecular entity to inhibit the metabolism of another drug. In silico methods to predict drug-drug interactions are mostly limited to competitive inhibitors because they rely primarily on the binding models in the used as templates with alignment and orientation of core structure in an active site. However, the quality of prediction depends on the structural similarity to the molecules that were used to build the model. Inhibitors of CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 have been predicted using the CoMFA method. For inhibitors of CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6, methods such as CATALYST and GRIND have been used to reduce the bias in the alignment of inhibitors. Prediction of Enzyme Induction The induction of drug metabolizing enzymes is an additional way in which co-administered drugs can affect the clearance and pharmacokinetics of a given drug. Induction or increased expression of the drug metabolizing enzymes leads to an increase in the rate of metabolism and ultimately, to increase intrinsic clearance. Therefore, enzyme induction leads to decreased drug exposure which may results in therapeutic failure. Most often, the induction of enzymes occurs through the activation of nuclear receptors such as the Arylhydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), the Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive Androstane Receptor (ACR). The activation of nuclear receptors PXR and CAR are responsible for the induction of several drug metabolizing enzymes including CYP3A, UGT1A1, SULT1A and CYP2C9. On the other hand, induction of CYP1A, SULT1A1 and UGT1A1 has been associated with activation of AhR. Prediction of Metabolic Stability As mentioned above, metabolic stability influences both oral bioavailability and half life of a drug. There is good correlation between in vitro metabolic stability and in vivo clearance. Therefore, the assessment of metabolic stability of compounds is being demanded and earlier in discovery projects. To meet these needs, in silico models are commonly employed. As described above, many different in silico tools focused on studying different aspects of metabolism have been developed. In our experience, the choice of the in silico tool by a user should primarily be guided by the type of information and level of accuracy that is desired. It is imperative that the developers of these in silico tools continually refine and validate them to reliably predict and quantify the metabolic fate of drug in humans. On the other hand, the chemists, biologists and ADME scientist on project teams to evaluate and use the existing in silico tools and to challenge their developers to demand tools that will rationally and efficiently move the discovery projects forward. Metabol Expert Metabol Expert is an ideal program for a quick prediction of the metabolic fate of compound in the drug discovery process during the dispositional research phase. Metabol Expert is a unique tool for initial estimation of the structural formula of metabolites. Metabol Expert is a rule based system with open architecture, in other words, the chemists, metabolism researchers, drug disposition experts and environmental managers can understand, expand, modify or optimize the data on which the metabolic structural estimation relies. Commercialized by Compudrug in 1987, Metabol Expert is composed of a database, a knowledge base and several prediction tools. The basic biotransformation database contains 179 biotransformations, 112 of which are derived from Testa and Jenner, the others are based on frequently occurring metabolic pathways. The transformation knowledge-base is composed of if-then type rules. Each is composed of our components, the structure changed during the transformation, the new substructure formed, a list of substructure at least one of which must be present in the molecule for the biotransformation form occurring. These rules have been derived from the literature by experts and are input into the system by means of graphical tools. The system is open so that new rules can be added or existing ones modified or deleted. There are two types of predictions in Metabol Expert. In the first type, the system tries to match basic transformations automatically. There is a filter so that biotransformation sequences can be arrested after generation of a specified number of metabolites. Basic transformations are classified as phase I or phase II. In the event of a phase II metabolite being generated, the sequences are arrested and the metabolite is not included in the next level. If a transformation results in the generation of two metabolites, then both are passed into the next level. The second type of analysis is an extended prediction model in which metabolites generated from basic transformations is compared to a list of transformations in a learned tree for a given species and the analogues are then listed in order of similarity. The program then attempts to quantify predictions based in the information in the learned tree. MexAlert MexAlert was developed to be an ideal assistant for high-throughput screening. It is advantageous to consider metabolism still before synthesis of the compounds, in order to exclude unwanted metabolic pathways, leading, for example, to first pass effect or to formation of toxic intermediates. MexAlert predicts first pass metabolic pathways by quickly identifying sites on the molecule where Phase II metabolic transformations (in other words, conjugation) may occur. It is rule based system; the rules are selected from among the Phase II transformations in the animal knowledge base, and modified according to in vivo experimental example of first-pass effect pathways. In silico toxicity prediction Attrition during the drug development process is a serious economic problem for the pharmaceutical industry and it is often due to inappropriate ADME/Tox characteristics. IT has been estimated that 20-40% of the drug failure in investigational drug development phases are due to safety issues, not continuing multiple incidents of adverse effects of existing drugs. The early drug discovery process needs to address in parallel not only potency but also pharmacokinetics and toxicological properties. Van de Waterbeemd and his colleagues at Pfizer have called this approach ‘property-based design’, emphasizing the importance of the critical combinations of physical and structural properties that contribute to ‘druglikeness’. Ideally this process should begin early in discovery, using computational models to screen both virtual libraries and available compound collections to identify compounds with the desired properties (good potency, ADME and low toxicity). Often molecular size and lipophilicity have an important effect on all three properties. High biological activity is frequently associated with high LogP, but this may also raise the probability of high toxicity. In the 1990s, drug companies invested heavily in combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening (HTS) as a source of leads for new targets. Most screen actives turned out to be large and/or hydrophobic, clearly contraindicating to the principles of minimal hydrophobicity. The most visible outcome was not even that they were toxic (because most compounds did not advance that far in development), but that they were either insoluble or non-absorbable. This overshadowed any toxicological consideration in the early stages of drug discovery, bringing forward compounds solubility and permeability as the most urgent problems to address. In the late 1990s the concepts of drug-likeness and lead likeness emerged and simple rules were formulated e.g. â€Å"rule of 5† to warn chemists when compounds were well outside the property space normal for orally active drugs. These rules are now widely used in Virtual Screening to remove undesirable compounds from consideration prior to their synthesis or acquisition. In addition to simple property filters toxicological issues should also be considered because otherwise any specific hazardous sub structural effects are ignored. Some of the harshest reactivity effects are identified and removed using predefined alert substructures (e.g., acid halides) (sometimes called â€Å"garbage filters†). The problem is the most of such alert substructures are â€Å"chameleonic† in nature, i.e., they may not necessarily cause toxic effects depending on other functional groups and overall molecular structures (e.g., acid halides). To fix this, all chameleonic† substructures (from â€Å"garbage† filters and beyond) must be supplemented with class specific QSAR’s for different health effects, yielding toxicological expert systems. Such systems can be used in virtual screening along with â€Å"drug –likeness† filters to subdivide compounds into â€Å"safe†, â€Å"hazardous† and â€Å"Questionable†. Promising compounds need further toxicological evaluation, but this cannot be done by predicative methods alone due to multiple knowledge gaps in their training sets and limited numbers of considered toxicological end points. Sometimes further evaluation is done during lead optimization, when chemical structures are covalently modified and tested. At this stage various toxicological predictions are used to prioritize both compounds that are to be tested and in vitro methods can reliably predict drug’s effect on a whole animal system, yet Animal Tests are not usually done until drug development candidates are identified. By this time drug development cost can reach substantial levels, economic risks become considerable. Thus any predictive tools that help to identify adverse effects in animals prior to conducting such testes are highly desirable. If a known toxic pharmacophore is identified and closely related to the pharmacophore required for activity at the therapeutic target then series specific SAR is needed to aid design of molecules with an adequate separation between the therapeutic dose and the dose threshold for the toxic effect. Since it is essential to have an in vitro surrogate that can model the desired in vivo effect on a significant number of compounds. Some of the more important end points for which in vitro surrogates that can model the desired in vivo effect on a significant numbers of compounds. Some of the more important end points for which in vitro surrogates have been used are: QT prolongation in heart due to blockade of the hERG potassium channel, hepatotoxicity due to compounds that produce phospholipidosis and hepatotoxicity due to induction of CYP450 enzymes. To summarize, in drug design toxicity predictions can be useful for three purpose – virtual screeing, prioritization of compounds and in vitro tests, and prediction of health effects in whole animal systems. Although many toxicologists are understandably leave us with no choice but to make the attempt using available animal toxicity database.

Argument of Alfarabi’s Book of Religion ::

Argument of Alfarabi’s Book of Religion For this paper I reviewed four works by the philosopher Abu Nasr al-Farabi (864-933d ce). These were the Enumeration of the Sciences, the Book of Religion, Selected Aphorisms, andthe Attainment of Happiness. Three of these were new translations by Ch. E. Butterworth, the fourth Attainment of Happiness: is from the anthology Medieval Political Philosophy edited by Ralph Lerner and Muhsin Mahdi, the latter being the translator of the piece. The assignment calls for an analysis of one of the above works. Some difficulties were encountered associated with returning to this material after a twelve year hiatus and doing so without the benefit (I now recognize) of lectures. I found myself continually backpedaling from the ambitions of my initial outline - which were largely inspired by the introductions which called for careful inspection of the structure of the arguments and attention to the seeming parallels and repetitions both within and between the texts in question. This, it turned out, was somewhat beyond my abilities. Be that as it may I settled on the text the Book of Religion and did what I could. All four of these readings inter-mesh, some explicitly so. The Book of Religion is designed to present an argument answering questions left unanswered by the presentation in The Enumeration of the Sciences, chapter five. My reading of Selected Aphorisms left me thinking that in addition to forming a parallel self supporting piece it was possible to see it as a glossary of supporting arguments and detail covering the exposition in Enumeration of the Sciences. and particularly Book of Religion. The first task I would like to attempt with this paper is to examine Al-farabi’s stated goals for the Book of Religion. I see three statements, two direct and one implicit. There is the opening paragraph in the first section: a definition of Religion, how it exists in a community1, who founds that community and how it is led. What its purpose is. There is the concluding (and penultimate) paragraph: a discussion of order and harmony (and by inference here - prosperity) in the community which flows from a common religion and purpose. And that this is given to a people by God. The first flows gradually and in a crafted naturalness into a discussion of political philosophy and political science. The latter flows out out of it. The implicit argument is in this construction.

A Tale of Two Coaches Essay

The path-goal theory relies on the how a leader motivates their subordinates to accomplish the task before them. This theory evaluates the relationship of the leader’s style of leadership and the characteristics of the subordinate and how the two compliment or supplement each other to achieve the desired outcome. In the cases of Coach Knight and Coach Krzyzewski, both were achievement-oriented. They both had clear goals and expectations of their players, win the game. This is evident by both coaches high lifetime career win totals. They both set high standards that their players were expected to meet. Each team was put through a series of drills and practices to prepare them and help build their confidence to succeed. Coach Krzyzewski â€Å"invested heavily in drills and skills with his players, practicing set plays and exhaustively analyzing practices, game films, and strategies† (Snook, Perlow, & Delacey, 2005, p. 3). The ability of both coaches to use achievement-oriented leadership contributed to their success. Each coach challenged and set high standards for their players. This raised the players’ confidence that they had the ability to achieve their goals. The achievement-oriented leadership demonstrated by each coach helped motivate the players to want to succeed. The leader-member exchange theory is a â€Å"process that is centered on the interactions between leaders and followers† (Northouse, 2013, p. 161). Two main groups of subordinates exist in the LMX model: the in-group and the out-group. Research found that there is a direct connection with high quality leader-member exchanges and job satisfaction and performance. Evaluating the leadership styles of Coach Knight and Coach Krzyzewski shows that there is evidence of the leader-member exchange theory in addition to the positive performance results that were indicated by the research of Dansereau (Northouse, 2013, p.162). Building relationships is important to Coach Krzyzewski. The success of his team was built on the relationships he established with his players and making everyone part of the in-group. He uses his â€Å"high-quality leader-member exchanges† to increase the positive performance of his players. It is a standard practice among his players that when they talk to each other they look each other in the eye. This way they are honest and truthful with each other at all times. Coach K also stated he believed â€Å"people have to be given the freedom to show the heart they possess. I think it’s the leader’s responsibility to provide that  type of freedom. And I believe it can be done through relationships and family. Because if a team is a real family, its members want to show their hearts† (Snook et al., 2005, p. 4). Coach Knight on the other hand was not as concerned about his relationship with his players. His demonstrated attitude was that he was there to do a job and so were the players. A good practice was flawlessly executed drills where players were â€Å"taught to play his game of basketball. Coach Knight’s motivational toolkit included push-ups, wind-sprints, and insulting verbal barbs† (Snook et al., 2005, p. 2). He was a perfectionist and he expected perfection of himself and his players. His players were mainly part of the out-group. They did not appear to spend much time developing relationships and the leader-member exchange was not as high-quality as the leadership experienced by Coach K’s players. The dominant leadership style used by Coach Knight is the Authority-Compliance style. He is task oriented and is looking for results. He is not as concerned about the individual or establishing relationships. On the other hand Coach K is more interested in the relationships with his players. He wanted them to feel a part of his family. His leadership style is more Team Management. He is task oriented but the difference is he places almost equal importance on the interpersonal relationships established with his players. In studying both of these great basketball coaches, who were equally successful, I learned that great successes can be achieved with various leadership styles. The team’s winning records is only one type of success. The larger picture is how willing were the player’s to follow, support, defend, or even send their own son’s to be coached by either Coach Knight or Coach Krzyzewski. Coach Krzyzewski has his players’ universal approval and therefore he is the more effective leader.

How to Succeed in College Essay - 641 Words

How to Succeed in College College 101 has been a very informative class. It has taught me a lot about college and the changes you have to make while attending college. I learned a lot about certain programs that the school offers, I knew nothing about these programs before I took this class and I probably never would have known anything about them if I never would have taken this class. In this class I have learned about three important concepts that can be very useful throughout my college years to come. I think time management, determining values and balancing lifestyles are the three most important concepts you need to help you succeed in college. I think planning a day to day schedule of the things you have to do is very†¦show more content†¦Some people value education and material things while others value religion and spirituality. You have to identify the values that are going to make you happy because if you don’t you may try to accomplish things to make other people happy. Having values helps you to determine where you want to go in life and the decisions you make. If you value something you are pretty much going to base every thing you do around that. Having values makes you a unique person because it has a big impact on the choices you make and the lifestyle you live. One thing you have to value is college because if you don’t value it you won’t succeed in it because you don’t care what you do and you won’t achieve anything. Balancing your lifestyle while in college is very difficult because if you have a lot on your plate like children or other important responsibilities it’s hard to balance them all and attend college. I think this has a lot to do with time management because when making a schedule you have to put your family or other responsibilities in that schedule and make time for everything. Some people work full time and go to school full time and if you have a lot of things to deal with you will burn out from the stress that such a pace imposes on your mind and body. If you work less and eliminate some things than you will have more time while in college. In conclusion I really have learned a lot in this class and really has helped me to manage my time betterShow MoreRelatedHow to Succeed in College589 Words   |  2 Pagescommon steps to get it begins in college. At this stage of your life is where you can establish your goals and dreams, and make all the possible to make it happen. Through hard work and dedication you can achieve each of your goals. There is not an exact process to succeed in college, but here I am going to show you some steps, which are going to help you to stay closer to success such as, take TSI exam, registration, and get good grades. 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